The consultants start by taking photographs from specific locations and accurately measuring the exact location where the photographs were taken.

Computer-assisted photo simulations create very accurate representations of what a proposed project will look like. This process uses sophisticated computer imaging and animation technology to allow the public, developers and permitting authorities to evaluate the visibility and visual effect of a proposed project from a number of locations. Because all Cape residents are concerned about the proposed Cape Wind project’s visual impact, it’s critical that the process used is rigorous and scientifically accurate. Some opponents of the project have used crude photo editing programs to mischaracterize the project’s visibility and appearance—going so far as to draw in oil rigs and giant service craft.

How are photo simulations made?

To create visual simulations, our visual consultants (Environmental Design & Research, P.C.) start by taking photographs of the site. Both 35mm film and digital cameras are used to record the source images.

The consultants start by taking photographs from specific locations and accurately measuring the exact location where the photographs were taken.

A surveyor determines the exact location of the camera and the location of specific reference points in the foreground to ensure accurate camera alignment. For example, on the photo to the left, the surveyors used the location of the stake, lifeguard chair and one additional point not in view to create an accurate perspective. The day and time of the photos are also recorded. This information is used to adjust for sun angle in the simulations, allowing computer graphics specialists to simulate lighting conditions for any time of day or day of year.

The project’s developer provides the consultants with information about the project’s structures—such as the location and size of each tower. Cape Wind data included tower height and width, and turbine blade size. This information, along with the field data, is entered and accurately plotted on an AutoCAD® 2000 drawing. This ensures that the positioning data (2D) is based on the precise geographic coordinates. Next the 2D data is converted to 3D to account for the height information (for camera, modeled towers and lights). The 3D data is processed using a computer program called 3D Studio Max® 4.0. At this point the alignment of all known points (longitude, latitude and height) is confirmed. The screen shot from 3D Studio Max‚ below‚ shows how the consultants check and confirm the location of cameras, reference points and the proposed facility prior to creating the simulation.

Next the lighting is calculated by creating a "sun" for a specific time and day of year. This information is used to create highlights and shadows for each of the photo elements. Finally, once the lighting is created, the overall image is rendered. The final image is checked to ensure its accuracy in terms of location, scale and perspective. The image below shows a simulated photo of the project from Cotuit and part of the calibration process.

How accurate is this process?

When simulated and actual photos are placed side-by-side, the positioning and visibility of the simulated elements are nearly identical. Because of their accuracy, visual simulations developed by qualified firms are accepted by regulatory agencies as an appropriate way to evaluate visual impact.

Compare for yourself the photos below. The top photo is a simulated photo created prior to construction of the Madison Windpower Project in Upstate New York. The lower picure is a photo taken at the same spot after the project was constructed.

What do the Cape Wind photos show?

The photo simulations show that from the closet points on shore the wind park will be visible on the horizon, but it can hardly be characterized as an "industrial site". Visibility and visual contrast will be reduced due to the turbine’s light gray color and the impact-reducing effects of distance (reduction in scale contrast, haze and other atmospheric effects). A comprehensive visual impact assessment will be undertaken as the project progresses.

About the company that created the simulations

Environmental Design & Research, P.C. (EDR) has over 20 years of experience in the analysis of visual impacts associated with major projects such as landfills, mines, transmission lines and power plants. On these projects, it has provided a variety of services, including viewshed mapping, cross-section analysis, field verification (ballooning), visual simulations, visual impact evaluation, mitigation design, and expert witness testimony.

In addition to its work for the Cape Wind project, EDR conducted a comprehensive visual impact assessment for the PG&E Madison Windpower Project in the Town of Madison, New York. EDR also provided the same services for Atlantic Renewable Energy Corporation on its 30 MW Fenner Wind Power Project outside of Cazenovia, New York.